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port and starboard
Port and starboard are nautical terms for left and right, respectively. Port is the left-hand side of or direction from a vessel, facing forward. Starboard is the right-hand side, facing forward. Since port and starboard never change, they are unambiguous references that are not relative to the observer.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/sea-and-ships/facts/faqs/customs-and-origins/port-and-starboard )〕
The term ''starboard'' derives from the Old English ''steorbord'', meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship and, because more people are right-handed, on the right-hand side of it. The term is cognate with the Old Norse ''stýri'' (rudder) and ''borð'' (side of a ship). Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called ''port''.
Formerly ''larboard'' was used instead of ''port''. This is from Middle-English ''ladebord'' and the term ''lade'' is related to the modern ''load''.〔 ''Larboard'' sounds similar to ''starboard'' and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that ''port'' be used instead. ''Larboard'' continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers. In Old English the word was ''bæcbord'', of which cognates are used in other European languages, for example as the German ''backbord'' and the French term ''bâbord'' (derived in turn from Middle Dutch).
At night, the port side of a vessel or aircraft is indicated with a red navigation light and the opposite side with a green one, to help avoid collisions. The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea state that a ship on the left must give way to a ship on its right. If the courses of two boats are intersecting, the helmsman usually gives way to a red light by going around the stern of the stand-on vessel. Sidelights are each lit from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its corresponding side. A mnemonic for this is "If to starboard red appear, 'tis your duty to keep clear. Green to green, red to red perfect safety, go ahead."
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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